Islam in Ukraine - преступления «Израиля»

Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Religious work principle

oksana — Sat, 23 Jun 2012 15:52:08 +0000

Job satisfaction reflects an employee's overall assessment of their job, particularly their emotions, behaviors, attitudes about their work experience. It is one of the most heavily researched topics in industrial–organizational psychology with several thousand published studies. Job satisfaction has theoretical and practical utility for the field of psychology and has been linked to important job outcomes including attitudinal variables, absenteeism, employee turnover, and job performance. However in the case of some attitude formation religion plays an important role in the field of job satisfaction.

Diverse dynamics have come up; being responsible for job satisfaction or dissatisfaction as there are different factors responsible for job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Accordingly present quest is also an endeavor to these factors! Job satisfaction can be influenced by a variety of factors, e.g. the quality of one's relationship with their supervisor, the quality of the physical environment in which they work, degree of fulfillment in their work, etc. Numerous research results show that there are many factors affecting the job satisfaction besides particular demographic traits e.g. age, education level, tenure, position, marital status, years in service, and hours worked per week of employees that significantly affect their job satisfaction. Nevertheless there is a vast sphere scientist and researchers never look into to putting pretty considerable light and it’s the life style and way of life of those people who mover in accordance with the teachings of religion, two biggest religions in the world are Christianity with direct connection of Judaism and Islam.

Let us analyze the case of former and latter one by one, first Christianity; if we study Bible Psalm 119:6 I’ll not be put to shame (in any situation) when I consider all Your commands, now those Christians, Jews and Dawood Scriptures’ adherents (Psalms) and Quran who are in Christianity, Judaism and Islam they are happy in their work; nonetheless in recent era the most researched, read and heavily focused book in the world is Quran which not only provides ways for job satisfaction rather provides ways for remedy to lead highest job satisfaction in addition to developing control over desires and setting work ethics. People who follow this book strictly; they are happy in their lives no matter what they have and what they achieve with regard to their work. Researches accomplished up till now reveal that the devotees of teachings of Quran are highly satisfied with their job for example one study (Yousef, 2001) examined the potential mediating role of the Islamic work ethic between locus of control (the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them), role conflict and role ambiguity. The study used a sample of 397 employees in a variety of manufacturing and service organizations in an Islamic country, the United Arab Emirates. The results of correlational analysis and regression models suggest that the Islamic work ethic is related to locus of control; it simply means having control over desires is a way to job satisfaction which is possible. In another study investigated the moderating impacts of the Islamic work ethic on the relationships between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. It used a sample of 425 Muslim employees in several organizations in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The empirical results indicate that the Islamic work principle directly affects both organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and that it moderates the relationship between these two constructs.

However what is the principle to be happy with the work in Quran; let us analyze, according to Quran all people can be happy with what they have in their life subject to provided they would follow the principle as stated “And keep thy soul content with (the companionship of) those who call on their Lord morning and evening, seeking His Face; and let not thine eyes pass beyond them, seeking the pomp and glitter of this Life; nor obey any whose heart We have permitted to neglect the remembrance of Us, one who follows his own desires, whose case has gone beyond all bounds.” (Kahf 18:28).

In fact the cause is, these people derive and direct their happiness in other sides and they work in accordance with certain principles, the expectations of these people from work are not too many and their focus to maintain the family as institution is very strong; perhaps this is another cause for them to be happy with their work that family as institution backs them up to be happy with their work and life.

Short is; out of major world religions; in the religion of Islam patience, locus of control, work ethic is a way to job satisfaction that is emphasized in Quran in practical sense and supposed to be followed by devotees.

Conclusion and Future Research

Job satisfaction fluctuates a lot in diverse cases researches show the direct proportion between the prestige of the job and job satisfaction. But, majority of the religious workers are satisfied in even the least prestigious jobs. They simply like what they do. Ethnic and religious orientation is associated to work attitudes, and job satisfaction in this regard has a strong link with it. In short work ethic is the main cause for the religious people to be happy with their work and life and this is best followed by the adherents of Quran in the religion of Islam however Christianity in connection to Judaism does provide but teachings are not followed at the required level.

Future research can be emphasized to investigate other links of job satisfaction or how successful ways or work ethic of religion can be generalized in present consumer and materialistic societies.

Research Article in Psychology OP/IOP/WP
By: Zahid Nawab

References
Abraham H. Maslow (1953), Motivation and Personality, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1954.

Berry, Lilly M. (1997), Psychology at Work, San Francisco: McGraw Hill Companies Inc.

Chapman (1994), Achieving job satisfaction by Kay, Kepler, Crisp publication, Inc.

Darwish A. Yousef, (2001) "Islamic work ethic – A moderator between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in a cross-cultural context", Personnel Review, Vol. 30 Iss: 2, pp.152 - 169

Darwish A. Yousef, (2000) "The Islamic work ethic as a mediator of the relationship between of control, role conflict and role ambiguity – A study in an Islamic country setting", Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 15 Iss: 4, pp.283 - 298

Locke, E.A. (1976), The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction, In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Chicago: Rand-McNally.

23/06/2012

Rate this article:

Tags:

Газа

Турция

ООН

преступления «Израиля»

Давутоглу

Флотилия Свободы

Израиль

Utro.UA: Ukrainian Banks do not Hasten to give out "Muslim Credits"

oksana — Tue, 13 Oct 2009 12:11:37 +0000

Nowadays in the conditions of rigid shortage of financial assets, both for business, and for common citizens, in Ukraine even more often they started to speak about Islamic banking system. The first thing to distinguish this system from the European-American is that it is interest-free. And it concerns both credits and deposits.

As the chief accountant of the All-Ukraine Association of Social Organizations "Al-Raid" Vera Fryndak noted in her interview for Utro.UA, the Muslim who puts his money on the ordinary bank account, does not get interest. "However the trust of the true Muslim to the financial establishment is always very high. For banks give out interest-free credits to a newly-married couple for 5-10 years for building of a house or apartment purchase, or interest-free loans on business development. Before reception of money the history of a future borrower is carefully studied, much more, than in the European countries and in Ukraine", Vera Fryndak assures.

However, how do Muslim banks earn, after all, they feel much more confident, than the western banks, according to the data of the international financial institutions? When a Muslim puts money for the so-called investment account, the banker and the client agree about the profit of the investor on the bank income in this or that investment project.

All the matter is that Islamic banks unlike western and Ukrainian banks, with great success and desire take part in creation of own industrial and trade enterprises. It is clear, that in this case it is possible to get the big profit and to share it with investors. The same concerns credits, too: the one who gets a credit shares with bank a part of the profit which he receives from his business.

Muslim banks certainly establish the margin, however, according to the data, it is low (in connection with the daily rate LIBOR at the London interbank currency stock exchange - from 3 to 6 %), or, according to the other sources (the expert of the International centre of perspective researches Alexander Zholud) - it is high enough.

According to the data of the Kiev-Mohyla Bysiness-school (KMBS), in our country the great interest and attempts to introduction of Islamic banking started to show one of domestic banks. Which one is not specified by the economists.

In many countries of Europe and, especially, in England, operate a number of Muslim banks which work not only with Muslims. In March of this year in Russia there passed widely advertised conference on introduction in this country of the principles of Islamic banking and then a number of financial institutions declared their readiness to move in this direction. Even Japan in 2006 declared transition of a part of its banks to "Islamic rails" to involve considerable available assets from the Muslim countries.

Who knows, maybe partially with this was connected recent visit of the Prime Minister Yulia Timoshenko to Libya - the Muslim country which possesses considerable financial resources and investment possibilities. After all, as it emphasizes the analyst of "Alpha capital" Denis Shavruk, nowadays it is very difficult to find investments in the Western countries. "However, for some reason, I do not believe that the principles of Islamic banking will somehow spread in Ukraine. One thing is England where there live a lot of Muslims, and the other thing is our country", Denis Shavruk told to Utro.UA.

By Utro.UA

13/10/2009

Rate this article:

Tags:

Палестина

палестинские беженцы

преступления «Израиля»

Vyacheslav Havrus': Country of Disappearing Shades

oksana — Wed, 05 Aug 2009 11:14:50 +0000

In mind of a common Ukrainian Egypt is the backward country where Pharaohs constructed pyramids once, and now it is possible to go there to have a rest on resorts, but it is necessary to take care of religious fanatics. But, as I expected, everything turned tout to be not the way noisy mass media state. I often came across facts and phenomena about which Ukraine and Ukrainians should learn.

The barbarous case which took place recently in the Dresden court, when in the course of consideration of a household case an accused, the native of Russia, killed the respectable Egyptian citizen who defended her right not to be called "Islamic terrorist", became the catalyst for fast writing of this article. For inhabitants of Dresden, the big scientific, cultural and historical centre of incorporated Europe, it was a real shock, nobody can understand till this time, whence come roots of such an aggression and human-hatred. The event caused a sharp resonance in the world; corresponding statements were made by heads of Egypt, Germany and some other countries. Especially it is necessary to pay attention that Germany after the World War II washes away its guilts, and any displays of Nazism and fascism (which happen, too!) here they try to liquidate in a germ.

It happened so that during the events described above I was in Egypt where I came for the first time in my life under the invitation of University of Sohag and my kind friends with whom we got acquainted in Dresden. In mind of a common Ukrainian Egypt is the backward country where Pharaohs constructed pyramids once, and now it is possible to go there to have a rest on resorts, but it is necessary to take care of religious fanatics. But, as I expected, everything turned out to be not the way noisy mass media state. I often came across facts and phenomena about which Ukraine and Ukrainians should learn. Besides it is necessary to distinguish features of life and traditions in the tourist centers of Egypt and in its remote places. I had remarkable possibility to make for myself a picture (certainly, the incomplete one!) of life in both parts of Egypt, being in Sohag, Alexandria and Cairo.

Geographical Position, Climate

If to look at a map it is possible to find out that Egypt is located in 22-32⁰ of northern widths. Such a position together with remoteness from the big marine/ ocean territories define dry hot climate for the largest part of the country. The temperature exceeds in the afternoon 40С in a shade in the summer, though it's easy enough to endure such a heat because of low relative humidity of air. Night comes very quickly, less than in an hour. The sun promptly rolls down in the evening, and twilight is very short.

Unlike Ukraine or Europe, absorbed by receiving of heat, for Egypt this problem is not actual, more likely on the contrary. Egypt with its almost 80 million population catastrophically lacks water, access to which is vital. More or less normal situation with rains have the territories close to the sea. Absence of rains found the display in local architecture as the majority of houses have no usual for us roofs.

The main source of water in Sohag is deep and prompt river Nile. Through the developed network of channels and with application of pumps, the water is delivered to fields on both banks of the Nile. However, this strip of agriculture is rather narrow, for Sohag it is not more than 6 km from each side, and increases somewhere to 100 km in the lower current of Nile. All the rest is desert.

It is necessary to pay attention to one indicative moment of the respectful treatment to water and to passers-by in the streets, suffering from heat. In crowded places you can see smart jugs with cool water inside from which everyone can satisfy thirst. What is a secret? The jug is made of clay in such a manner that its walls have porous structure. Water filters through walls, slowly flows down and evaporates, essentially cooling water inside. For successfully made vessels cooling in comparison with environment can reach 15-200 C! The jugs are filled with water by inhabitants or owners of nearby houses and shops, considering it as an honor to help a passer-by who visited their land!

Society

In remote places of Egypt the traditions originating in depth of centuries, are still preserved, though in tourist places there is their gradual destruction to please modern civilization with all following consequences. Society bases are family and religion which strongly cement public relations, make them more expected and reliable.

Under a family here they understand not simply a man and a woman who are married and have children, but the kin, a lot of relatives united by family relations. Close relatives, for example, brothers together with their wives and children, can live in one house, occupying different floors, carry on management together. To identify the person completely, one can use a genealogical tree by male side, which includes own name of the person, names of the father, the grandfather, the great-grandfather, etc. In the course of the dialogue with my acquaintances I found out that in case of need they can track similar sequence up to the relatives of the Prophet Mohamed, books with corresponding records are accessible for this purpose. Mutual relations inside of the kin are regulated, but in case of any problems everyone can rely on support of their relatives.

Women in Egypt, as men believe, occupy honorable position. A man after his wedding should properly support the wife financially; very often she does not work and is the keeper of the family, looking after her house and children. An indicative example of honoring a woman - golden jewelry in Egypt can be worn only by women, men use jewelry from much cheaper silver (Islam forbids men to wear golden jewelry, and also clothes from silk. - Editor's comment) Unusual for Europeans is possibility for men to be married to more than one woman. But under the statement of my acquaintances, it is possible only when a man is capable to give to the second wife as much warmth and support, as to the first one. Other case is a widowed woman (how many of them appeared after a war!) Then to have the right to enter without infringement of traditions into the house and to support orphaned children, a neighbor man or a relative should marry her and hold her as equals with his first wife. So it is hard to define, what would overweight here - pleasure or responsibility. But these are traditions of remote places of Egypt which somehow stabilize the society, giving everyone confidence and support. Besides, from the given example it follows that in Egypt the privacy of any woman is very much appreciated. Once, using the underground in Cairo, I nearly got into trouble. By ignorance I nearly dropped into the car intended only for women. Certainly, I would not be killed, but I should pay the penalty at a rate of 10 Egyptian pounds (~15 Hrivnas) for infringement of an established order, and it is a considerable sum for Egypt as the fare in the underground makes 1 pound. Here it is necessary to place accents: to be in such a car is not a must for women, but their right. I met many women without their husbands who by their will went together with men in the mixed car.

Traditionally, Muslim women wear Hijab which should cover the whole body of a woman except for hands and face; sometimes women cover their face, too. The roots of this custom go into depth of centuries long before the coming of Islam. Today you can easily establish the faith of a woman (certainly, if she not a tourist!) by her Hijab. Christian women go bare-headed, but in other household traditions Egyptian believers of both creeds have much in common.

Undoubtedly, the heart of the society in Egypt are mosques. If surrounding houses can be constructed in any way, mosques are real masterpieces, in which creation the whole community takes part.

Muslims make the majority in Egypt (~90 %), the others are mainly Christians. The devout Muslim observes 5 prayers daily, the most important takes place in a mosque at midday, and its beginning in each city corresponds to the moment when the sun is in the highest point of the heavenly sphere. The mosque is actual meeting place of people who live nearby, but may not be relatives. It creates the additional factor of support in the society as all know about problems of neighbors and in the case of need are ready to help the near. It is their duty, as each Muslim should give a part of the income as the aid for the needy. When I was in Berlin at the main railway station together with my friend from Sohag, I became the witness of an instructive story which happened with him and one Iraqi. Seeing appearance of my friend, he approached him and complained that the money on his bank card finished and he has no money to get home, therefore he asked to borrow him 25 Euros. I convinced him that in my opinion he will take money without return, but my friend decided to give the money to the Iraqi (because he asked!), and even if he will not return them, it will be considered as a help to the needy. The Iraqi wrote down the phone of my friend and to my surprise he sent the borrowed money a month later! Here it is necessary to notice that in the Egyptian society it is strictly forbidden to draw interest from the borrowed money (usury is strictly forbidden in Islam. - Editor's comment).

Christians, who appeared in Egypt before the coming of Islam, feel themselves in Egypt rather comfortable. As it is known, the Alexandria church existed in Egypt in the beginning of a Christian era. For today, unlike expectations of some, relations between Christians and Muslims here are better than in Ukraine between Christians of different confessions. Usually Christians and Muslims live as good neighbors, often communicate and go to each other for holidays. Even customs sometimes are common: on entering a church or a mosque visitors should remove their footwear and leave it outside. As my friend confirms, all adhere to the principle "Belief is different for everyone, but the country is one for all" that allows people with different creeds to live in peace and consent. Certainly, eager for sensations mass-media try to inflate to the unprecedented sizes of problems which sometimes appear between Christians and Muslims, but it did not pass dangerous border yet. The inhabitants of Egypt know very well the consequences of the rule "Divide and dominate". For stability of not the latest country in the Middle East the public consent is extremely important.

For acknowledgement of coexistence throughout long time in Egypt of both religions I demonstrate here a photo and an internal frame of the White and the Red Christian monastery which was established about the 5th century AC. A lot of elements from their setting remained up to now.

Stability of the society is also supported by the prohibition of alcohol consuming. Nowadays in Egypt is held a discussion about allowance of smoking as it also destroys a body, and many Egyptians smoke tobacco. In the afternoon even if someone would wish to drink alcohol it will essentially affect him because of heat. And in the evening, when the heat vanishes, nothing, except public morals, prevents it. If somebody ventures to appear drunk in the street, he at least will be the insult for the present, and if a drunk will be noticed by teenagers he risks to run into good kicks, mostly because in the society there are practically no drunkards, everyone can feel himself safe in household and in the evening when night illumination is turned on and the public life revives.

Science and Education

Though surprising, Egypt has 5 Nobel Prize winners who received in due time university education in Egypt: Anwar al-Sadat (the Prize for Peace, 1978), Naguib Mahfouz (the Prize in Literature, 1988), Yasser Arafat (the Prize for Peace for 1994), Ahmed Zewail (the Prize in Chemistry, 1999) and Mohamed El-Baradei (the Prize for Peace, 2005). Among the given list someone can see a political component and doubt about justice of some prizes, but doubtless for me is the quality of university education in Egypt, received by the given winners, which helped them to reach the tops of international recognition and influence.

Certainly, one of the reasons of such a success is that the Egyptian science originates in depth of millennia. It is not necessary to dismiss attention of the governments of all times in respect of support of development of the best students, too. In Egypt throughout the last decades at the state level are given grants which allow the most talented youngsters study abroad for long time. In the society is noticed real respect for the educated people, though, probably, salaries of scientific workers and teachers are not so high comparatively to European. The role in support of education and sciences also play private funds founded by prosperous Egyptians. For example, I noticed such an announcement of competition on training in postgraduate study and post-doctorate position with payment accordingly 12 and 24 thousand of Egyptian pounds annually. It's a notable difference in comparison with salaries of unqualified workers (about 300 Egyptian pounds).

Among the positive moments, in my opinion, is the use of English language for the publication of obtained results which allows to be integrated into a world of science easier. For example, I found a department in the library of the University of Sohag with Master's and Doctor's papers. All of them are written in English, it is a practical condition for obtaining a corresponding degree. Moreover, even unknown in the world Egyptian scientific magazines accept articles only in English. The interesting moment of appreciable support of studying a foreign language: sometimes I saw on local TV that English-speaking films are not translated by voice against the muffled original speech, but accompanied by subtitles that can help the interested spectator with language studying, and to the visitor - the carrier of the language of a film - to feel comfortable in a foreign country. Useful experience, which for some reason is not taken into consideration in Ukraine.

Among the other things, for students' learning and teachers' coming to work, rather useful is running of special University buses which deliver them to educational premises. Like Ukrainian "School bus", but on the top-level. The same buses periodically take students and teachers in various trips and expeditions across Egypt. In general, the scientific life here is active enough, I had possibility to visit the meeting of the Faculty of Chemistry planned on 8 o'clock in the evening where took place preliminary defense of a student's work. Students and teachers of the chair (among them - some women-professors) as equals took part in active discussion.

Vyacheslav Khavrus', p.d. senior scientific employee in the Department of Catalytic Synthesis on the Basis of One-Carbon Molecules, the Institute of Physical Chemistry of L. V.Pisarzhevskiy, NAS of Ukraine, public figure.

(Given in reduction)

By Maidan.org.ua

05/08/2009

Rate this article:

Tags:

Газа

блокада

преступления «Израиля»